The Bay of Bengal, both historically significant and geopolitically strategic, continues to attract the attention of major international powers. Covering approximately 2.1 million square kilometres, this vast, triangular body of water serves not only as a source of pride for the people of Bengal but also as an invaluable asset for the global economy and international diplomacy. Bordering nations—including India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and extending to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands—leverage the bay as a crucial link in the Indo-Pacific region, reinforcing its role in contemporary geopolitics.
Historical Context and the Significance of Naming
Unlike other regional seas named after larger nations, the Bay of Bengal reflects the historical legacy of Bengal itself. Major coastal cities like Chennai and Kolkata line its shores, highlighting the region's prominence in ancient maritime trade and culture. Ancient Bengal thrived as a hub of commerce, seafaring, and cultural exchange, leaving a lasting imprint on the identity of this vast maritime region.
Historically, the Bay of Bengal served as a crossroads for the exchange of goods, ideas, and religious beliefs, bridging South Asia with Southeast Asia and southern China. This maritime route facilitated the spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and later Islam, enriching regional civilizations and solidifying Bengal's maritime legacy.
Arrival of Arab Merchants and European Colonial Powers

From the 8th century onwards, Arab Muslim merchants established trade networks through the Bay of Bengal, connecting Bengal with the Middle East. These traders introduced not only goods but also Islamic culture and scientific knowledge, making Bengal a prosperous trading hub. The arrival of European powers in the 16th century heightened the bay’s strategic importance. The Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British vied for control over its maritime routes, setting the stage for colonial dominance. By the 18th century, the British East India Company had established its supremacy, transforming Bengal into an essential base for expanding imperial influence across Asia.
During the colonial era, the bay evolved from a centre of trade to a key element in British naval strategy. Its ports and routes became critical for maintaining the British Empire’s control over India, Burma, and Southeast Asia, laying the groundwork for contemporary geopolitical dynamics.
The Bay of Bengal as a Geopolitical Arena Today
The 21st century has witnessed renewed interest in the Bay of Bengal as a strategic geopolitical zone. Its location at the heart of the Indo-Pacific, between major economic and military powers, ensures its significance as a key maritime passage for global trade, with approximately 40,000 vessels navigating its waters annually. This strategic positioning underscores its importance for nations like the United States, China, and India, each vying for influence.
United States and the Indo-Pacific Strategy

For the U.S., the Bay of Bengal is central to its Indo-Pacific strategy, aimed at countering China’s expanding influence under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The U.S. has encouraged Bangladesh to align with the Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS), yet Bangladesh has upheld its non-aligned policy, balancing relationships without entering into defence agreements such as the ACSA (Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement) or GSOMIA (General Security of Military Information Agreement).
China’s Influence through the BRI

China’s investments in ports, infrastructure, and energy projects in Bangladesh and Myanmar illustrate its vision of a "Maritime Silk Road," aimed at reducing reliance on the Strait of Malacca. The Kyaukphyu port project in Myanmar exemplifies this strategy, granting China direct access to the Indian Ocean. Bangladesh has welcomed these investments while maintaining a stance of foreign neutrality.
India’s Regional Strategy and the Kaladan Project: As the largest littoral power in the bay, India views the Bay of Bengal as integral to its security and economic ambitions. Through initiatives like the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project, India seeks to enhance connectivity with its northeastern states and counter China's influence. Furthermore, India's investments in nuclear-powered submarines and maritime surveillance reflect its commitment to uphold regional stability in the bay.

Bangladesh’s Diplomatic Balancing Act: Bangladesh's non-aligned foreign policy has allowed it to adeptly navigate the competing interests of major powers. It has resisted pressure to fully align with any bloc, fostering cooperative ties with all. By maintaining an independent stance, Bangladesh continues to reap benefits from economic and strategic relationships without becoming entangled in broader rivalries.
Economic Significance and the Blue Economy
Bangladesh’s maritime zone, spanning 118,000 square kilometres, holds significant economic potential. As Bangladesh develops its blue economy, the bay's resources—including fisheries, hydrocarbon reserves, and mineral deposits—are crucial for national growth. Recent discoveries of untapped hydrocarbons off the coasts of Myanmar, Bangladesh, and eastern India highlight the bay's role as a major hub for oil and natural gas.

To maximise its maritime potential, Bangladesh has invested in educational and research institutions, such as the Bangladesh Maritime University and the Oceanographic Research Centre. Infrastructure development, notably the deep-sea port at Matarbari in collaboration with Japan, is set to enable Bangladesh to accommodate large vessels and enhance its position as a regional trade hub.
Security Challenges and Regional Cooperation
Security issues, including piracy, drug trafficking, and environmental degradation, pose challenges for the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh has taken proactive measures, updating its Maritime Act of 1974, establishing a Marine Economy Cell, and pursuing regional cooperation through forums such as BIMSTEC, SAARC, and ASEAN. Its interest in joining the Colombo Security Conclave further underscores its commitment to maritime security.
Maritime boundary disputes, particularly with Myanmar and India, have occasionally led to tensions. However, Bangladesh’s legal victories at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) have bolstered its claims over a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone, securing crucial areas for resource exploration.
Rising Anti-Indian Sentiment and New Bargaining Opportunities
In recent years, the Hasina administration's close ties with India have come under scrutiny, particularly following mass student uprisings that have sparked a surge in anti-Indian sentiment. Critics argue that the government has often subordinated Bangladesh's national interests to those of India, particularly in areas like trade, water sharing, and border security. This backlash not only reflects grievances against perceived Indian hegemony but also offers Bangladesh a chance to negotiate more actively with Western nations.

With the rise of anti-Indian sentiment, Bangladesh finds itself at a strategic crossroads. The country now has the potential to engage more significantly with Western powers, capitalising on this shifting landscape to enhance economic and diplomatic ties. The Rohingya crisis, with over a million refugees residing in Bangladesh, serves as a pivotal issue that has drawn international attention. Western countries are eager to collaborate with Bangladesh on humanitarian efforts, potentially offering economic aid and support for refugee repatriation. By effectively addressing the Rohingya issue, Bangladesh can enhance its diplomatic standing and negotiate more favourable terms with its Western allies.
The Role of Dr. Muhammad Yunus
Dr. Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel laureate and pioneer of microfinance, commands significant international respect and credibility. His advocacy for social business and poverty alleviation resonates globally, positioning him as an influential figure in Bangladesh’s foreign policy discourse. With his connections and reputation, Dr. Yunus can play a crucial role in forging partnerships with Western nations and highlighting Bangladesh's challenges on the international stage.

His involvement in the Rohingya issue could amplify the plight of these refugees and attract international support, shaping narratives that appeal to Western values of human rights and social justice. This, in turn, may influence foreign policy towards Bangladesh, further enhancing the country’s bargaining position.
Bangladesh’s Role as a Regional Balancer
As Bangladesh navigates the complexities of its geopolitical landscape, the interplay between national interests and external pressures will be crucial. The rise of anti-Indian sentiment provides a unique opportunity for the government to reassess its alliances and engage with Western powers. With Dr. Yunus’s international stature and the pressing need to address humanitarian issues like the Rohingya crisis, Bangladesh stands at a pivotal moment in redefining its role in the region and beyond.

By capitalising on these dynamics, Bangladesh can enhance its diplomatic relations, ensuring that its national interests are represented on the global stage while addressing the pressing humanitarian challenges it faces. Through strategic investments, diplomatic acumen, and a focus on sustainable development, Bangladesh can leverage the bay's resources to foster regional cooperation and establish itself as a responsible and influential actor in the international arena.
 

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